Global prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: , is a chronic zoonotic disease of major global importance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where surveillance and control remain inadequate. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the global prevalence of bTB, identify key risk factors, and evaluate diagnostic approaches to support evidence-based control strategies within a One Health framework. Methods: A systematic search following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted across eight electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, CAB Abstracts, SpringerLink, and AJOL) for studies published between 1990 and October 2025. A total of 7,775 records were identified, of which 98 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the quantitative synthesis. Results: > 75%), reflecting methodological and regional variability. Conclusion: Bovine tuberculosis remains a persistent and unevenly distributed zoonotic disease, with a disproportionate burden in Africa and Asia. The higher detection at herd level, significant influence of age and breed, and variability in diagnostic methods underscore the need for harmonized surveillance systems, improved diagnostic standardization, and targeted control strategies.