Intergenerational relational dynamics in co-parenting families: a cross-sectional analysis through a systemic theoretical lens

Introduction: Intergenerational co-parenting, where parents and grandparents share child-rearing responsibilities, is prevalent in Chinese families. Despite its cultural significance, few studies have examined how grandparent parent co-parenting relationship dimensions relate to broader family functioning using a systemic theoretical framework. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 710 Chinese parents (303 fathers, 407 mothers), of whom 426 reported active grandparent involvement in child-rearing. The Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (CRS) and Family Environment Scale (FES) were administered. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and bootstrap mediation analysis (PROCESS macro, Model 4, 5,000 resamples). Results: < 0.05). Bootstrap mediation analysis revealed that family environment partially mediated the relationship between co-parenting conflict and child behavioral difficulties (indirect effect = 0.038, 95% CI [0.011, 0.074]). Discussion: Findings support systemic theoretical propositions regarding relational interdependence, structural boundaries, and circular causality within co-parenting families. Co-parenting relationship quality is significantly associated with family environment, which serves as a pathway influencing child outcomes. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-report measures.