Bioactive potential of Java plum processing residues: Valorization strategies and health-promoting applications

Java plum ( Syzygium cumini ), commonly known as Jamun, is a nutraceutical-rich tropical fruit widely recognized for its therapeutic and functional properties. Despite its medicinal potential, a significant portion of Java plum (particularly seeds, skins, and pulp residues) is discarded as agro-industrial waste, contributing to environmental concerns. This review critically examines the global production trends, physicochemical and phytochemical properties, and the magnitude of waste generated during post-harvest and processing stages. It highlights recent technological advancements at several stages, such as drying, extraction, fermentation, irradiation, and bioconversion strategies for Java plum waste. Its waste can be efficiently valorized into biofuels, industrial enzymes, biochemicals, environmental remediation materials, and biofertilizers . These approaches have demonstrated potential in enhancing antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, and anticancer attributes of the derived bioactive compounds. The article also discusses integrated waste utilization frameworks to support the circular bioeconomy and promote sustainable waste valorization in Java plum processing industries.