Farmers’ adoption of waste-to-energy valorisation as a circular economy pathway for sustainability transitions in Nigeria

Energy poverty and environmental degradation remain pressing challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, where reliance on traditional biomass contributes to deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks. Rice, a staple food for millions, generates significant by-products that often cause environmental harm when burned or discarded. Renewable energy valorisation of these by-products offers a promising pathway toward sustainable energy transitions and circular economy practices. Yet, little is known about farmers’ awareness of and willingness to adopt such practices in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines these dynamics in Nigeria, using survey data from 150 farmers. The findings reveal that while nearly two-thirds of respondents are aware of valorisation opportunities, less than half are willing to adopt them. Competing uses for rice by-products, including animal feed and reliance on firewood and charcoal, significantly influence adoption behaviour. Bivariate probit regression analysis identifies education, household size, farm size, livestock ownership, and dependence on traditional energy sources as significant determinants of both awareness and willingness. The results further highlight the untapped potential of rice husks compared to straw, which remains largely burned or discarded. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted awareness campaigns, affordable energy technologies, and financial incentives to foster adoption. Promoting renewable energy valorisation of rice by-products can, in turn, strengthen Nigeria’s energy security, reduce environmental degradation, and advance sustainability transitions within a circular economy framework.