Spatial Biology Evolution: Past, Present and Future of Mapping Life in Context

The life sciences are currently undergoing a serious transition from the reductive biochemical analysis of dissociated tissues to non-destructive “spatial forensics”. In addition to discovering new molecules, we are moving towards finding out their precise tissue localization and performing in situ interrogation to uncover a biological logic within preserved cellular “neighborhoods”. Our perspective is focused on exploring the spatial imperative, including the structural logic and “neighborhood effects” of the tissue microenvironment, which is a prerequisite to understanding cellular function in normal and in pathological conditions. Beginning with a historical foundation of the origins of histochemistry, dating back to the 19th century with pioneer botanist François-Vincent Raspail, we emphasize the technological metamorphosis, transitioning from classical immunohistochemistry to modern multi- and high-plex spatial multi-omics. A critical evaluation of the current operational landscape has been made, addressing the engineering strategies behind multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF), the challenges of experimental design in spatial transcriptomics, and the functional symbiosis between targeted and unbiased spatial proteomics. There are many layers of genomic and proteomic information we have to consider in order to unravel the mechanisms underlying body function. If we learn how to combine all this information together, we will be able to better understand how cells communicate with each other and what disrupts their communication, leading to cancer and many other pathologies. It is obvious that by implementing spatial biology tools, it becomes possible to develop new medicines and treat diseases in the most efficient ways. At the same time, we realize that there is an urgent need to learn how to put data pieces together so that they blend seamlessly into a meaningful output, further transitioning spatial biology over time into a routine tool to cure for both common and rare diseases and improve our lives and health.