Spice-based home garden agroforestry production volume and factors influencing income contribution in South Ethiopia

Spice-based home gardening is an important livelihood strategy for rural households in South Ethiopia which offers economic and nutritional benefits. In the Basketo Zone, where smallholder farming dominates local livelihoods, the cultivation of high-value spices plays a crucial role in enhancing household income. A study involving 375 rural households involved in spice-based home garden practices was conducted using a multi-stage sampling method, analyzing data using descriptive statistics, and inferential data analysis methods. The results indicated that spice-based home garden significantly enhance the income of rural households, with Ginger being the most produced and Cardamom spice with highest mean net income compared with other spice types. The study reveals that education level, land allocation, transport, extension services, and credit significantly influence income contributions from spice cultivation. In conclusion, education, land allocation, access to transport, extension services, and credit facilities are crucial for successful income generation from spice based home garden agroforestry. The study recommended for expanding farmer education and targeted training programs for improving production skills and market-oriented practices. Ensuring secure and efficient land allocation which enhance spice productivity, while improved rural transport infrastructure reduce marketing costs and post-harvest losses. Strengthening extension services through regular support and specialized training which help farmers adopt improved technologies. Expanding access to affordable credit is also crucial for investing in inputs and small-scale processing. Finally, promoting cooperatives, market linkages, and value-addition initiatives can significantly increase household income and livelihood sustainability.