Socio-Ecological Resilience and Sustainable Aquaculture: Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) with Community-Based Fish Farming in the Deltaic Regions of Tamil Nadu, India

The present study documents the indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) associated with traditional fish pond management practices in the deltaic regions of Tamil Nadu, particularly in Kumbakonam (Thanjavur district) and Thiruvarur. Fifty traditional fish farmers were purposively selected to record their long-standing aquaculture practices using semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. The findings revealed that traditional pond systems, locally called Kulam Meenvalam, still play a significant role in ensuring fish productivity, biodiversity conservation, and community cohesion. A high level of adoption of ITK practices was observed among the respondents, with 72.00% of farmers adopting organic pond fertilization methods, 66.00% practicing traditional water and pond management techniques, and 60.00% utilizing herbal-based disease control measures. Major traditional practices identified include the use of cow dung and goat manure for pond enrichment, neem and turmeric-based disinfection, natural lime sources for pH regulation, sun drying for mud conditioning, rainwater harvesting, and the use of locally made bamboo fish traps. These eco-friendly methods rely entirely on locally available organic inputs and community participation, ensuring minimal environmental impact. Scientifically, these methods promote nutrient cycling, water quality improvement, and fish health, aligning with the principles of sustainable aquaculture. The study concludes that integrating traditional knowledge with modern aquaculture technologies can enhance climate resilience and sustainability in small-scale fish farming systems.