Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Hearing Impairment and Related Risk Factors

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of hearing loss at three months of age in a cohort of newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) with that reported in the literature. We also evaluated potential risk factors associated with audiological impairment and changes in hearing threshold during follow-up. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS in Rome, Italy, between January 2017 and December 2023. Infants underwent audiological screening and a full diagnostic evaluation at three months of age and were followed during the first year of life. Results: A total of 149 infants were enrolled, and hearing loss was identified in six (4.0%) at three months of age. Two of these six infants showed an improvement in their hearing threshold, resulting in a prevalence of permanent bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) of four out of 149 infants (2.7%), with no cases of late-onset hearing loss detected. Gestational age was identified as an independent protective factor against SNHL (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.22–0.91). Conclusions: The audiological screening program demonstrates effectiveness in early intervention for diagnosing and treating hearing loss. Infants with HIE are at high risk for hearing disorders and require increased attention in neonatological and audiological management. Management should be individualized based on specific risk factors. The association between gestational age and susceptibility to cochlear damage should be confirmed by further studies.