3D Impedimetric Microfluidic Membrane-Mimic Cassette (IM3) with Interdigitated Electrodes for Fouling Analysis at Membrane Interfaces

) showed weak concentration dependence and plateaued at high loadings, indicating the limitation by available deposition sites rather than particle transport. These findings show that for PS beads, fouling is mainly governed by the extent of surface deposition (driven by concentration) rather than by the particle arrival rate (controlled by kinetics). The developed modular IM3 cassette enables customization of different membranes, channel geometries, and flow configurations. These results establish a quantitative framework linking EIS data to physically meaningful fouling phenomena, offering a versatile platform for the mechanistic investigation of dynamic membrane fouling behavior under varying particulate conditions.