Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) biology and its proposed role in rheumatic diseases pathogenesis

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) VEGF is a multifunctional cytokine with pleiotropic roles in human physiology. This potent angiogenic factor modulates cell proliferation, survival, migration, and permeability. However, in several pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases (ADs), VEGF plays an important role in disease pathophysiology. Furthermore, VEGF exerts direct effects on various innate and adaptive immune cells, which are important in autoimmunity. Increasing evidence suggests a correlation between the VEGF system and autoimmune diseases. Research indicates that VEGF levels are related to the severity of ADs in certain patients. However, the role of VEGF in some diseases has been controversial. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding VEGF’s role in rheumatic diseases, how VEGF bioavailability contributes to their pathogenesis and the potential effects of VEGF-targeted treatments on these conditions.