Ancient Principles, Modern Sustainability: A Critical Review of Rasayana and Vajikarana in the Charaka Samhita and Their Contemporary Biomedical Relevance

Background: Increased lifespan has not been paralleled by improved health span. The rising prevalence of fatigue, reduced immunity, stress-related disorders, and reproductive decline highlights limitations of a predominantly disease-centric healthcare model. Objective: To examine the concepts of Rasāyana (rejuvenation therapy) and Vājīkaraṇa (reproductive revitalization therapy) described in Caraka Saṃhitā and evaluate their relevance to contemporary biomedical understanding. Methods: A qualitative textual analysis of Caraka Saṃhitā (Cikitsāsthāna, Adhyāya 1–2) along with Cakrapāṇidatta commentary was undertaken. Core concepts including Agni (metabolic function), Dhātu (body tissues), Ojas (vitality/immunological reserve), and Śukra (reproductive tissue) were interpreted and correlated with modern physiological and biochemical perspectives. Conceptual synthesis: Rasāyana is primarily directed toward optimizing metabolic efficiency, enhancing tissue nourishment, and improving systemic resilience, demonstrating parallels with antioxidant activity, immunomodulation, and anti-ageing mechanisms. Vājīkaraṇa emphasizes reproductive health, vitality, and functional integrity, aligning with current concepts of endocrine regulation, fertility optimization, and sexual health. Conclusion: Rasāyana and Vājīkaraṇa provide a coherent framework for preventive and holistic healthcare, offering potential applications in enhancing longevity, functional health, and overall well-being. Keywords: Ojas, Śukra Dhātu, Preventive medicine, Reproductive health, Adaptogen, Cellular ageing