Redox-Regulated Mitophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction as a Convergent Mechanism in Female Infertility: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives

Conventional hormonal and clinical models inadequately clarify the complex and diverse aspects of female infertility, resulting in poor reproductive outcomes and reduced egg viability. A growing body of research indicates that female reproductive failure is mostly due to disruptions in cellular homeostasis, especially concerning organelle quality control. Oxidative stress has emerged as a crucial mediator connecting metabolic, inflammatory, and ageing-related processes to ovarian failure, however its downstream impacts on intracellular organelle turnover remain insufficiently clarified. Our narrative review encapsulates the existing data for a unified pathogenic concept focused on the redox-regulated mitochondria-lysosome axis. We examine the interaction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction, compromised mitophagy, and lysosomal deficiency in granulosa cells and oocytes. Prolonged oxidative stress may disrupt this equilibrium, leading to defective mitochondria accumulation and impaired mitophagy. This self-perpetuating cycle may ultimately jeopardises reproductive viability and oocyte integrity. The integrated axis offers a shared molecular foundation for various infertility-related diseases, such as inadequate ovarian response, obesity-associated infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ovarian ageing. Ultimately, we analyse new findings suggesting that specific antioxidant chemicals modify mitophagy and lysosomal function while also neutralising reactive oxygen species, highlighting their potential use in precision fertility treatments. Our research redefines female infertility as a condition of redox-dependent organelle quality control, thereby introducing novel avenues for identifying biomarkers, categorising patients, and targeting treatments in assisted reproduction.