Sustainable Management of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Maize Crop: Integrating the Ecological Environment, Biocontrol Agents and Modern Technologies Present in the Environment

This study provides a comprehensive overview of the pest, encompassing its invasion history, taxonomic classification, biological characteristics, and patterns of infestation and crop damage. Furthermore, it evaluates the broader economic implications of fall armyworm outbreaks across affected regions. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has emerged as a serious constraint to maize production due to its rapid spread, wide host range, and ability to adapt to diverse agro-ecological conditions. It is a highly destructive and migratory lepidopteran pest that poses a significant threat to maize production worldwide. Its remarkable adaptive capacity is underpinned by its polyphagous feeding behaviour, elevated reproductive potential, and documented resistance to multiple classes of insecticides, all of which render its management particularly challenging. Emphasizing eco-friendly strategies such as conservation of natural enemies, use of botanical and microbial agents, and timely monitoring can significantly reduce pest pressure while minimizing environmental risks. In the long term, strengthening integrated pest management practices, promoting resistant crop varieties, and improving farmer awareness will be crucial for sustainable maize production.