The pterygoid (Vidian) canal: An anatomical and clinical overview

The pterygoid canal is an osseous tunnel within the sphenoid bone connecting the foramen lacerum to the pterygopalatine fossa. It is located at the base of the pterygoid process close to the sphenoid sinus. Anatomical variants of the pterygoid canal and its neurovascular structures are associated with the level of pneumatization of the sphenoid bone and its relation to the sphenoid sinus. This paper provides an overview of the anatomical variants of the pterygoid canal and their relevance. It also highlights the role of the pterygoid canal as a conduit for neurovascular structures involved in the autonomic innervation of the lacrimal gland and the nasal and palatal mucosa. The pterygoid canal contents are related to various pathologic conditions, including rhinitis, cluster headaches, and tumor development. Moreover, it acts as an important anatomical landmark in both endoscopic and traditional neurosurgical approaches to the cranial base. Familiarity with its anatomy and variants is therefore essential for clinicians and surgeons working in this region. • The pterygoid canal is a bony passage located in the sphenoid bone that transmits significant neurovascular structures. • The pterygoid canal is related to various pathologic conditions, including rhinitis, cluster headaches, and tumor development. • The pterygoid canal acts as an important anatomical landmark in both endoscopic and traditional neurosurgical approaches to the cranial base.