Designing soft materials through synthetic morphogenesis

While the principles of Turing-type morphogenesis are central to understanding biological pattern formation, their rational application for the design of synthetic materials remains a significant challenge. To address this gap, we rationally design stationary reaction-diffusion patterns using a chemical reaction network (CRN) of small organic molecules bearing thiol groups - a functional handle ubiquitous in materials chemistry. The CRN features autocatalysis coupled with both rapid direct inhibition and a negative feedback loop. We report the formation of dot, line, and net patterns obtained with the assistance of numerical modeling by adjusting reactant feed rates and concentrations. The use of disulfide-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels enables the modulation of thiol diffusion and subsequent derivatization of the immobilized thiols with dyes, enzymes, and crosslinkers to produce soft materials. This entire process, from out-of-equilibrium self-organization to a patterned soft material, conceptually resembles the biological process that gives rise to skin patterns. Overall, this work establishes a pathway for applying Turing-type self-organization to the structuring of synthetic matter.