Harmonic immersions of the Sierpinski gasket into the hyperbolic plane

Abstract Many fractals G admit a harmonic immersion into <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , i.e. an immersion which minimises a natural energy under fixed boundary conditions; we look for harmonic immersions of the Sierpinski gasket into the hyperbolic plane. We show that, given any three points <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in the hyperbolic plane there is a harmonic map bringing the three points A , B , C of the boundary of the gasket to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> respectively. Moreover, if the points <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are sufficiently close in the hyperbolic distance, then the harmonic map is unique and depends differentiably on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Lastly, we show that, if the harmonic map φ is injective, then it brings geodesics of the gasket <j

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Journal
Nonlinearity
Published
2026-04-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ae56ca
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Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
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article
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article

Harmonic immersions of the Sierpinski gasket into the hyperbolic plane

Ugo Bessi
Nonlinearity
Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
article

Harmonic immersions of the Sierpinski gasket into the hyperbolic plane

Ugo Bessi
article en

Abstract

Abstract Many fractals G admit a harmonic immersion into <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , i.e. an immersion which minimises a natural energy under fixed boundary conditions; we look for harmonic immersions of the Sierpinski gasket into the hyperbolic plane. We show that, given any three points <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in the hyperbolic plane there is a harmonic map bringing the three points A , B , C of the boundary of the gasket to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> respectively. Moreover, if the points <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are sufficiently close in the hyperbolic distance, then the harmonic map is unique and depends differentiably on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="true">~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Lastly, we show that, if the harmonic map φ is injective, then it brings geodesics of the gasket <j

NonlinearityVol. 39(4)
Openalex Percentile: Top 10%
Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
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