Acute toxicity of seven types of bisamide insecticides to different aquatic organisms, and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole in the American shad ( <i>Alosa sapidissima</i> )

The bisamide insecticides occupy a huge market share in the pesticide market, and are commonly used in the intergrated rice fish farming system. Most especially chlorantraniliprole (CAP) has been frequently used and detected in fish tissues. The 96 hr LC50 of seven bisamide insecticides including tetrazoliumamide, fluorobenzamide, cyantraniliprole, tetrachloropamide, chlorantraniliprole, cyclobromides, trifluorobenzine for fish, crab and shrimp, closed shell, zooplankton and phytoplankton were determined. Results showed 96 hr LC50 for fish, crab and shrimp, closed shell, zooplankton and phytoplankton were 0.003∼5.263 mg·L-1, 0.0001∼1.562 mg·L-1, 0.010∼1.526 mg·L-1, 0.0004∼0.064 mg·L-1, respectively. Effects of 1.5 μg·L-1 CAP on enzymatic activities and its gene expressions in juvenile American shad were simultaneously determined. TNF - α and caspase - 9 (except for 96 hr), IFN - γ and IL - 10 were significantly increased and decreased, il1b significantly increased. The pathways of apoptosis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ferroptosis, MAPK signaling pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, p53 signaling pathway, TGF - β signaling pathway were significantly enriched in the comparisons at 96 and 192 hr. CAP induced changes of enzymatic activities of inflammatory cytokines, gene expression profiles involving oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune dysregulation in aquatic organisms.