Numerical and experimental investigation of compaction-induced load effects on reinforced earth walls with rigid and flexible facings

This study investigates the influence of compaction-induced loads on the behavior of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls with rigid and flexible facings. Numerical simulations, validated against full-scale experimental data, were performed to assess how facing rigidity and horizontal constraint affect tensile forces and lateral earth pressures during construction. Two compaction load magnitudes (16 and 50 kPa) and two loading scenarios were analyzed using the hardening soil model in PLAXIS. Results show that facing panel constraint has a stronger impact on reinforcement tension and lateral pressure than compaction magnitude or loading type. Constrained panels minimize deformation and stabilize stress transfer, while unconstrained panels allow greater movement, increasing tensile demands. Comparisons with AASHTO1 and K-stiffness methods indicate that the latter provides closer agreement with measured and simulated behavior. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating facing rigidity and compaction effects in design to achieve safer and more efficient MSE wall performance.