Recurrence equations and their classical continuous, discrete, and q-discrete orthogonal polynomial solutions

Abstract Classical orthogonal polynomials are solutions of a second order differential, difference, or q -difference equation for continuous, discrete, or q -discrete variables, respectively. Furthermore, all such systems satisfy a three-term recurrence equation of the form: $$\begin{aligned} p_{n+1}(x) = (A_n x + B_n)p_n(x) - C_n p_{n-1}(x), \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for $$n\ge 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with $$ p_{-1}=0,~p_0=1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Given a holonomic three-term recurrence equation, we implement in and an algorithm which detects its classical orthogonal polynomial solutions for the continuous, discrete, and q -discrete variables when they exist. With our implementations, the results obtained using the Maple implementations by Koepf and Schmersau (Appl Math Comput 128:303–327, 2002) and Koorwinder and Swarttouw (Priv Commun, 1998) are easily recovered. In addition, we obtain new relations that extend beyond those previously established in the literature.

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Journal
Computational and Applied Mathematics
Published
2026-04-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-026-03760-y
Primary Topic
Mathematical functions and polynomials
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Recurrence equations and their classical continuous, discrete, and q-discrete orthogonal polynomial solutions

Daniel Duviol Tcheutia, Wolfram Koepf, Ngozi Pleasure Nwoku
Computational and Applied Mathematics
Mathematical functions and polynomials
article

Recurrence equations and their classical continuous, discrete, and q-discrete orthogonal polynomial solutions

Daniel Duviol Tcheutia, Wolfram Koepf, Ngozi Pleasure Nwoku
article en

Abstract

Abstract Classical orthogonal polynomials are solutions of a second order differential, difference, or q -difference equation for continuous, discrete, or q -discrete variables, respectively. Furthermore, all such systems satisfy a three-term recurrence equation of the form: $$\begin{aligned} p_{n+1}(x) = (A_n x + B_n)p_n(x) - C_n p_{n-1}(x), \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for $$n\ge 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with $$ p_{-1}=0,~p_0=1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Given a holonomic three-term recurrence equation, we implement in and an algorithm which detects its classical orthogonal polynomial solutions for the continuous, discrete, and q -discrete variables when they exist. With our implementations, the results obtained using the Maple implementations by Koepf and Schmersau (Appl Math Comput 128:303–327, 2002) and Koorwinder and Swarttouw (Priv Commun, 1998) are easily recovered. In addition, we obtain new relations that extend beyond those previously established in the literature.

Computational and Applied MathematicsVol. 45(8)
University of Kassel (DE), African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (CM)
Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, Universität Kassel, Erasmus+, German Academic Exchange Service
Openalex Percentile: Top 5%
Mathematical functions and polynomials
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