Recurrence equations and their classical continuous, discrete, and q-discrete orthogonal polynomial solutions
Abstract Classical orthogonal polynomials are solutions of a second order differential, difference, or q -difference equation for continuous, discrete, or q -discrete variables, respectively. Furthermore, all such systems satisfy a three-term recurrence equation of the form: $$\begin{aligned} p_{n+1}(x) = (A_n x + B_n)p_n(x) - C_n p_{n-1}(x), \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for $$n\ge 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with $$ p_{-1}=0,~p_0=1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Given a holonomic three-term recurrence equation, we implement in and an algorithm which detects its classical orthogonal polynomial solutions for the continuous, discrete, and q -discrete variables when they exist. With our implementations, the results obtained using the Maple implementations by Koepf and Schmersau (Appl Math Comput 128:303–327, 2002) and Koorwinder and Swarttouw (Priv Commun, 1998) are easily recovered. In addition, we obtain new relations that extend beyond those previously established in the literature.
Authors
- Daniel Duviol Tcheutia
- Wolfram Koepf
- Ngozi Pleasure Nwoku
Institutions
- University of Kassel (DE)
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (CM)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Computational and Applied Mathematics
- Published
- 2026-04-21
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-026-03760-y
- Primary Topic
- Mathematical functions and polynomials
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
- Universität Kassel
- Erasmus+
- German Academic Exchange Service