A CityGML ADE for modeling ancient chinese timber architecture in 3D with semantic information

Ancient Chinese timber architecture, with its complex structural system and long historical continuity, holds significant cultural and academic value. 3D semantic modeling enables semantic-based querying, analysis, and visualization, serving as a foundation for heritage digitization and conservation. However, existing data models lack the capability to represent the class and component characteristics of traditional timber buildings, constraining data integration and GIS-based applications. This study develops a CityGML-based Application Domain Extension (CTAADE) for the semantic 3D representation of traditional Chinese timber architecture. By extending CityGML 2.0 modules, CTAADE introduces domain-specific classes and properties, achieving integrated representation of geometry and semantics. A case study of the Great Compassion Hall at Chongshan Temple in Taiyuan demonstrates that CTAADE effectively integrates geometric, attribute, and semantic information for semantic-driven 3D modeling. This research provides a technical pathway for digital documentation and preservation of Chinese timber heritage and establishes a foundation for integration between heritage science and GIS.