THE ROLE OF MICROELEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES

This study examines the development of atherosclerosis, particularly the formation of various types of plaques, and focuses on the role, significance, quantitative indicators, and relative changes of microelements in tissues. To clarify these aspects, the results of scientific studies conducted by researchers worldwide over the past 10–20 years were analyzed and discussed. The findings indicate that an increased level of iron in tissues is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Iron negatively affects cells involved in the atherosclerotic process through the immune system and reduces the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of macrophages. The accumulation of iron in atherosclerotic plaques is associated with the inability of its divalent form to convert into the trivalent form. An increase in copper levels and a decrease in zinc levels in tissues serve as risk factors for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Selenium modulates inflammation, protects the endothelium, inhibits oxidative processes, and prevents apoptosis and calcification of vascular cells. The negative impact of cadmium on atherogenesis is associated with its involvement in several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, molecular adhesion, prostaglandin imbalance, and increased synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.