Concentration-Responsive Gd–DOTA Nanomicelles via Chain-Length Engineering for Transporter-Independent Hepatobiliary Magnetic Resonance Imaging

studies reveal that Gd-C12 provides potent hepatic enhancement (120% increase) via favorable MPS recognition, independent of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP). Crucially, following hepatic uptake, the agent undergoes spontaneous disassembly upon physiological dilution/excretion, facilitating rapid systemic clearance (>97%) to resolve long-term retention concerns. This work presents Gd-C12 as a high-performance, transporter-independent contrast agent that bridges the gap between nanoparticles and small molecules, holding promise for providing reliable hepatic parenchymal enhancement regardless of OATP expression levels.