pCODE tRNA Expression Plasmids Compensate for Rare Codons in Recombinant Protein Production

and show that they complement rare codons with very modest limitations or negative effects, regardless of the position, type, number, or distribution of rare codons in the expressed gene. One pCODE plasmid encodes an inducible tRNA expression cassette and shows potential as a new type of genetic regulation based on inducible rare codon complementation. The pCODE tRNA expression plasmids provide mechanistic insights into synonymous codon usage and add to the molecular biology toolbox that enables recombinant protein production.