Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases affect a substantial proportion of the global population, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a central role in their pathogenesis. The most common diseases in clude rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and septic shock. All of these conditions are characterized by excessive production of TNF, which activates downstream signaling pathways contributing to disease development and progression. To improve the quality of life in patients with TNF overproduction, anti-TNF agents such as TNF receptors and monoclonal antibodies are used. However, the availability of these therapies is limited. Therefore, the development of novel, more affordable TNF inhibi tors with comparable efficacy and improved safety remains a pressing issue. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of promising TNF inhibitors, including those derived from orthopoxvirus im munomodulatory proteins.