Tethered balloon-borne measurements to characterise the evolution of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer at the Villum Research Station

Abstract. We present a comprehensive balloon-borne measurement dataset collected during a dedicated Arctic observation campaign conducted from 19 March to 18 April 2024 in the transition from polar night to polar day at the Villum Research Station (VRS) at Station Nord in Greenland. The objective of the observations was to characterise the temporal evolution of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), focusing on key transition periods, including cloud development, low-level jet evolution, and day to night shifts. Data were collected by the Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere (BELUGA) tethered-balloon system performing in-situ measurements of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, turbulence, and thermal infrared irradiance from the surface to several hundred meters altitude, with frequent profiling in high vertical resolution. Twenty-eight research flights delivered more than 300 profiles, with up to 8 profiles per hour, complemented by daily radiosonde launches. This paper specifies the BELUGA instrumentation at VRS, data processing procedures, and the publicly available Level-2 data (BELUGA and radiosonde), provided in instrument-separated data subsets listed in a data collection (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.986431, Dorff et al., 2026c). One possible major application of the data is to evaluate different model types (such as numerical weather prediction, single-column, large-eddy simulations) in representing processes controlling the Arctic ABL. To prepare such evaluations, we give an overview of the observations, environmental conditions during the campaign, and highlight specific events that are valuable for model comparison. We introduce an event in which temporal temperature changes influence the ABL inversion, radiative heating-rate profiles associated with transitions between cloudy and cloud-free conditions, and an observed Arctic low-level jet compared with reanalysis, offering insights into the Arctic ABL evolution.