Protein Scaffold-Driven Enzyme Colocalization Combined with Glucose Derepression in <i>Candida tropicalis</i> Enables High-Level 1,2,4-Butanetriol Production

enhanced the xylose utilization efficiency, while pathway efficiency was further optimized via synergistic enzyme engineering, which included overexpressing the ligand-fused XylD and KdcA mutants. This integrated approach raised the 1,2,4-butanetriol titer to 2.1 g/L in shake flasks and 11.18 g/L in a 5 L bioreactor. This study validates the effectiveness and broad application prospects of integrating spatial colocalization of metabolic pathways with metabolic engineering in enhancing the performance of complex metabolic pathways.