Xanthine oxidase inhibition by medicinal plants mitigates tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity: a comprehensive computational and experimental study

Background: approaches. Methods: root (VN) demonstrated the highest potency. These extracts were further evaluated for their antioxidant potential and tested against TDF-induced renal and hepatic toxicities in a 35-day rat model. Results: Both AC and VN significantly mitigated TDF-induced elevations in serum biomarker levels, including creatinine, BUN, AST, ALT, GGT, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase, while enhancing albumin levels. They also restored the levels of oxidative stress markers such as MDA, GSH, catalase, and SOD. Histopathological examination confirmed substantial structural recovery of liver and kidney tissues. Conclusion: extracts effectively alleviate TDF-induced organ toxicities and oxidative damage, supporting their potential as adjunct therapies to enhance the safety of TDF treatment in HBV and HIV management.