Bi-doped ZrO2 nanomaterial: mordent fabrication, development of characters, and applications

Bi-doped ZrO2 nanomaterials are synthesized easily in this work and their structural, optical, electrochemical, and photocatalytic properties are examined. The tetragonal-to-monoclinic-to-cubic structure of undoped and doped ZrO2 nanomaterials was confirmed to have been prepared by the autoclave method. The nanomaterial was characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), photoluminescence spectroscopy (Pl), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) analysis. XRD and EDS reveal the presence of metallic Bi in the catalyst. FESEM shows a mixture of hexagonal multilayer structures, and HR-SEM and TEM images of the catalyst show that ZrO₂ particles possess layer-like structures and spherical-shaped particles. ZrO2 and Bi clusters are formed on the clear smooth surface of ZrO2. This doped material has the degradation of Rhodamine 6G dye in essential applications. Other applications of DSSC were reported, and the prepared catalyst was stable and reusable. These results reveal innovative catalytic and photo-electrocatalytic activity in expandable industrial applications.