Organic-Inorganic Co-Modified PVDF Membrane for High-Flux Oil/Water Separation and Simultaneous Multi-Pollutant Removal

, the membrane maintained ~99% oil/water separation efficiency and simultaneously removed ~79% of phenol and 70-86% of heavy metal ions in a single filtration process. The superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the superhydrophilic/underwater-oleophobic membrane surface, hierarchical transport channels enabling rapid water permeation, and multifunctional sites that adsorb/coordinate dissolved pollutants. This work provides a simple, scalable design strategy for PVDF-based membranes that integrate high-flux separation, antifouling performance, and multi-pollutant remediation for the treatment of complex oily wastewater.