Active-region Modulation of Subsurface Meridional Flows and Magnetic Flux Transport on the Sun

Abstract Using time–distance helioseismology applied to 14 yr of Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager observations spanning solar cycle 24 and the rising phase of cycle 25, we present evidence that meridional flows in the lower half of the near-surface shear layer (NSSL), modulated by active-region magnetic fields, play a central role in the episodic global transport of magnetic flux. In particular, polar-field buildup is tightly linked to plasma outflows diverging from active latitudes within the deeper NSSL. The magnitude and timing of hemispheric polar-field evolution are regulated by depth-dependent meridional flow, including its cross-equatorial component, responding to active-region flux asymmetries. During cycle 24 maximum, stronger southern outflows accelerated flux transport, causing the southern polar field to peak nearly 4 yr before the northern. Global magnetic flux transport patterns in the previous three solar cycles (21, 22, and 23) show broad consistency with the deeper meridional flow modulation inferred in cycles 24 and 25. These results identify activity-dependent flow variations in deeper layers of the NSSL as a dynamically significant component of the Babcock–Leighton process that governs the generation and hemispheric asymmetry of the global dipole field.