The role of mega ports in climate change (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract Ports play a vital role in global trade yet pose significant environmental threats to marine and coastal ecosystems from which pollution and habitat alienation are of prime concern. This report investigates the multi-faceted challenges of environmental sustainability within port operations, highlighting the urgent necessity for the removal of pollution sources, including ballast water discharge, antifouling applications, and metal and hydrocarbon contamination. A definitive overview of International and European regulatory frameworks [e.g., Water Framework Directive (WFD), Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)] is presented in this context, to assess their effectiveness in promoting sustainable port management and marine environmental protection. Additionally, the paper explores the crucial role of bioindicators, particularly invertebrate bivalves and mollusks, for monitoring marine environment health and assessing the impact of anthropogenic pollution The evolution of port planning toward a more inclusive, stakeholder-driven approach is assessed, marking the transition from traditional top-down models toward a participatory strategy, which involves local communities, environmental organizations, and port authorities. The findings suggest that an integrated approach to management, stakeholder integration, and rigorous environmental regulation are all cornerstones of the successful attainment of sustainable development goals. This paper supports the dialogue on sustainable port management which calls for a harmonious blend between economic growth and environmental stewardship, advocating a framework, which will elevate environmental quality standards, thereby promoting joint port planning and management strategies.