Role of Culture in Defining Human Societies

The Yale conference challenged and improved my thinking about the relationship between culture and society. I understand culture as an advanced way of being social, insofar as it improves societal efficacy (ultimately contributing to population flourishing for which the human species as cultural animals has been exceptionally successful) by means of shared and accumulating information, economic trade, common praxis, interlocking roles, advanced forms of collective decision-making, and social systems. Culture requires intergenerational transmission rather than being a temporary arrangement. Cooperation and trust build upon shared identity. Society comprises the culture plus the members. Defensive possession of shared territory is a complicating but valuable addition to this emerging understanding. The usefulness of culture as a defining attribute of human societies is complicated by the lack of full uniformity. Nevertheless, a human society has multiple interacting but semi-independent social systems, and citizens move and act among them.