A case report of secondary retroperitoneal lymph node tuberculosis following chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia with literature review

The incidence of secondary retroperitoneal lymph node tuberculosis (TB) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is relatively low, making it challenging to diagnose in clinical practice. This paper reports an AML patient who developed TB after chemotherapy, confirmed by positive T-SPOT results from the ultrasound-guided retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy. Eventually, the patient achieved negative conversion on T-SPOT test following individualized anti-TB treatment. This case highlights the necessity of the diagnosis of tuberculosis when infections occur in leukemia patients. Clinically, ultrasound-guided biopsy enables timely diagnosis, and favorable outcome can be attained by selecting an appropriate therapeutic regimen.