Past, Present and Future of Embankments in Bangladesh: An Investigation of the Embankment Failures and Recommendations for Sustainable Solutions

ABSTRACT Embankments have traditionally served as the primary structural measure to protect floodplains from inundation. In Bangladesh, these structures are increasingly recognized as socio‐technical systems embedded within complex social and institutional dynamics. This study critically examines the historical performance of embankments, identifies the causes of their poor functionality and current challenges, and proposes future‐oriented recommendations to rethink the traditional embankment system. Employing a mixed‐methods approach, including field observations, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT), and policy analysis, the study provides a comprehensive analysis linking past experiences with present realities and future demands. Initially constructed in the 1960s to protect agricultural lands from prolonged monsoon flooding, embankments have since altered the biophysical characteristics of rivers and floodplains. Over time, their performance has deteriorated due to weakened institutional capacity, inadequate maintenance funding, and evolving socioeconomic conditions. The study highlights critical issues such as delayed project implementation, lack of community ownership, and unregulated sand mining. It recommends a socio‐technical approach with timely project execution, community‐based planning and management, promotion of multipurpose use, and the integration of satellite‐based monitoring, along with policy‐based recommendations. The study also recommends policy coherence and a mandated action plan per policy for proper implementation. Furthermore, aligning embankment development with integrated water resources management (IWRM) principles is essential to enhance climate resilience and ensure long‐term functionality.