Plant growth-promoting microorganisms and phosphorus levels influence growth, nutrient uptake, and secondary metabolites in hydroponic basil

P yielded the highest estragole concentration (43.7%), while B. subtilis under the same condition maximized δ-cadinene, β-farnesene, α-bergamotene, and γ-cadinene levels. These findings highlight the potential of PGPMs to improve phosphorus use efficiency and enhance both yield and phytochemical quality in hydroponic basil, providing a practical and sustainable approach for reducing fertilizer inputs in soilless cultivation systems.