Evolutionary-based framework for practical prediction of offshore wind turbine natural frequency considering soil-structure interaction

values of 0.9817 for training and 0.9819 for validation data. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the length of the OWT exerts the most significant influence on its natural frequency, while the section thickness has a minimal impact. The results underscore the capability of GEP to model complex, nonlinear relationships, offering a powerful tool for the accurate prediction of OWT behavior and facilitating more reliable design and performance assessments of OWTs.