A narrative review on the current re-emergence of Monkeypox in India

Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a transmissible and pathogenic viral exanthematous disease caused by the human Monkeypox virus (hMPXV), which closely resembles the Smallpox virus (Variola virus). This virus re-emerged outside Africa in 2022 and spread to different countries all over the globe, resulting in the declaration of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). In India, 56 laboratory-confirmed Mpox cases have been recorded from July 2022 to October 2025. A gradual increase in clade Ib cases in India is also recorded since 2024. This review talks about the basic virology of hMPXV, including its evolutionary timeline, transmission, genomic characteristics, and epidemiological aspects. The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Mpox have also been discussed, with a narrative on the Indian scenario and developments on preventing and controlling the disease.