Missing the human in AI: on dehumanisation by generative AI chatbots using the case of Replika

Large Language Model (LLM) based chatbots are increasingly prominent in the digital landscape, promising users a range of experiences, everything from human-like conversation to intimate companionship. But where exactly is the human in such technology? And what is its impact on the humanity of those persons engaging with it? Taking as its focus the popular LLM-based chatbot Replika, this article contends that - positive use cases notwithstanding - emerging generative AI technology carries with it a novel and more subtle form of dehumanisation. We combine an autoethnographic investigation with a multi-disciplinary critique (human-computer interaction; moral philosophy; law) to argue that such technology risks dehumanisation by inviting, demanding or conditioning human emotional and attentional engagement in circumstances where reciprocity is structurally impossible. We argue further that existing conceptual, philosophical and regulatory systems will need to be adapted to help diminish or erase the risks and harms presented by these emerging technologies.