An ARMS-integrated high-resolution melting assay for reliable discrimination of the A1/A2 polymorphism in the bovine CSN2 gene

= 0.9930) in predefined DNA mixtures and detected minor A1-derived signal at 5% in milk mixtures, although low-level bias indicated semi-quantitative rather than absolute performance. Overall, the results support the usefulness of this ARMS-integrated HRM approach for practical discrimination of the CSN2 A1/A2 polymorphism and for rapid closed-tube A2 milk screening and breeding-oriented genotyping, although broader analytical validation is still needed for routine quantitative authentication.