When opposition leaders speak: personalisation and question time in Australia

Question Time is a highly visible and adversarial parliamentary arena central to executive accountability, yet increasing personalisation may redirect scrutiny from collective party actors to individual leaders. This article analyses personalisation in Australian Question Time using more than 21,500 opposition questions asked between 1981 and 2025. We examine two dimensions of centralised personalisation: who asks opposition questions and whom those questions target, theorising variation through party structure (single-party versus coalition opposition) and institutional reforms to leadership selection rules. The findings challenge claims of a uniform rise in elite behavioural personalisation. While opposition questioning has become increasingly Prime Minister-centred over time, who asks questions follows a distinct pattern. Leader dominance varies across parties and institutional periods, rising in single-party oppositions but remaining lower and declining in coalitions, and falling further after leadership reforms. These results show that parliamentary personalisation is multidimensional and contingent on party organisation and institutional rules.