Development of venlafaxine hydrochloride nasal thermosensitive in-situ gel with P407/P188: enhanced bioavailability and antidepressant effects in depressive rats

OBJECTIVE: To develop and optimise a VEN nasal thermosensitive in-situ gel for reducing the first-pass effect and enhancing bioavailability. METHODS: High performance liquid chromatography, central composite design-response surface methodology, the membrane-free erosion and the Franz vertical diffusion cell method were used to clarify the optimised formulation. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies evaluated sustained release and efficacy. RESULTS: < 0.01). CONCLUSION: sustained release and brain targeting, providing critical data for nasal formulation development.