Emerging zoonotic diseases at the wildlife–livestock–human interface

Emerging zoonotic diseases pose a significant threat to global public health, livestock productivity, and wildlife conservation. These diseases originate at the complex interface where wildlife, domestic animals, and humans interact. Increasing anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, urbanization, intensification of livestock farming, and climate change have accelerated the emergence and spread of zoonotic pathogens. Diseases like Nipah virus infection, avian influenza, Ebola, and COVID-19 highlight the consequences of disrupted ecological balance and close contact among species. Wildlife often acts as a reservoir of pathogens, livestock serve as amplification hosts, and humans become accidental hosts. Understanding the transmission dynamics at this interface is crucial for early detection, prevention, and control. The “One Health” approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health, has emerged as a key strategy to address these challenges. Strengthening surveillance systems, promoting biosecurity measures, and enhancing public awareness are essential to mitigate risks. This article discusses the causes, transmission pathways, and preventive strategies for emerging zoonotic diseases, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to safeguard health across all sectors.