An Assessment of Meal Timing in Relation to Dietary Practices – An Observational Analysis

Background rationale: Improper food habits, especially timing of food intake (āhāra kāla), are major contributors to lifestyle disorders. Evidence suggests that irregular or higher meal frequency may increase disease risk. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the role of āhāra kāla in food consumption patterns. Methodology: A validated questionnaire covering āhāra kāla, daily regimen (dinacaryā), signs of proper digestion (jīrṇa āhāra lakṣaṇas), and sleep–wake patterns was administered to 450 participants. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26. Frequencies were calculated, and associations were tested using Pearson’s chi-square, Cramer’s V, and Spearman’s correlation. Results: Participants consuming meals at fixed times aligned with hunger showed better jīrṇa āhāra lakṣaṇas, indicating the importance of synchronizing meal timing with hunger cues. Regulation of the first āhāra kāla was influenced by prior dinner timing, sleep–wake cycles, and dinacaryā. Those consuming three meals daily demonstrated superior digestive indicators. Conclusion: Early rising, timely elimination, hunger perception, and mental clarity reflect balanced digestion before the first meal. Adherence to dinacaryā and regulated meal frequency based on agni supports optimal digestion. Three meals per day appear suitable for most individuals, and integrating jīrṇa āhāra lakṣaṇas with meal timing promotes sustained health. Keywords: Meal timing, Dinacaryā, Digestive indicators, Digestive fire, Meal frequency