Design and electromagnetic analysis of photonic crystal based microstrip patch antenna for next generation wireless systems

Exploring larger bandwidths and pushing for higher frequencies have led to the advancement of wireless communication systems. The effort continues progressing, approaching the Terahertz (THz) waves, which hold enormous potential for broadband communication but also present numerous challenges. For traditional THz transmitters, which are bulky, high in power, and have low transmitted powers, mobility is an important consideration. This article recommended a triple-band photonic crystal (PhC) based THz patch antenna with an extensive bandwidth. Initially, we conceptualised and optimised the typical grid-shaped patch antenna for a range of substrate heights. With a gain of 7.89 dBi, the optimized grid patch antenna achieves an return loss (RL) of − 38.56 dB at 3.60 THz. Further, optimise the PhC structure for various air hole radii to determine the most efficient antenna. With their outstanding antenna properties, both the square and triangular lattice PhC structures resonate at triple band frequencies. The square lattice PhC based grid shaped patch antenna produced the result of -64.79 dB RL 3.084 THz whereas the triangular lattice structure yields − 59.72 dB RL at 3.312 THz. The RL value is improved 68% for square lattice structure and 54.8% is enhanced for triangular lattice PhC. The suggested PhC-based patch antenna with a grid shape is appropriate for various THz applications like sensing, imaging, wireless streaming, satellite communication, etc.