Cancer signaling beyond the genes

Cancer is still largely interpreted through the lens of genetic mutations, which continues to shape most therapeutic strategies. Yet single cell analyses reveal limits to this view: phenotypic heterogeneity is pervasive even among genetically identical cancer cells, and many canonical driver mutations are also present in non-malignant tissues. These paradoxes can be reconciled by viewing cancer as a new tissue state characterized by aberrant cellular information processing, where mutations act as context-dependent modifiers of the signaling codes. We advance a framework in which input-specific signaling dynamics determine phenotypic outcomes, while oncogenic mutations bias and blur these dynamics rather than acting as simple "on-off" switches. In this view, therapeutic success depends on restoring the fidelity of dynamic signal encoding and decoding rather than merely inhibiting isolated pathway components.