Advanced modafinil-loaded transethosomes for brain targeting: development, ex-vivo permeation and radio-distribution evaluations

(10 min) and high relative bioavailability (424.3 ± 4.5%). Importantly, histopathological examination of nasal mucosa revealed normal architecture. Collectively, these findings establish transethosomes as a promising and safe nano-platform for advanced brain targeting. HIGHLIGHTS: Modafinil-loaded transethosomes were designed as nanovesicles for brain targeting. The optimized formulation showed spherical morphology, uniform size distribution, and strong drug-carrier compatibility. Stability studies confirmed preserved physicochemical properties throughout storage. Ex-vivo permeation revealed significantly enhanced mucosal drug transport versus plain modafinil dispersion. In-vivo radio-distribution unambiguously confirmed superior uptake into the brain and improved targeting efficiency when contrasted with the reference preparation.