From Microplastics to Nanoplastics: Critical Advances and Persistent Challenges in Detection and Quantification

monitoring, and the establishment of standardized analytical protocols. Emerging strategies that integrate AI-driven spectral analysis, hyperspectral imaging, and thermogravimetric analysis show promise for improving the accuracy and throughput of MP detection. Overall, this review highlights the importance of integrating conventional analytical methods with advanced computational tools and developing high-throughput, environmentally sustainable detection strategies to improve our understanding of the environmental fate of MPs and NPs as well as support future risk assessment and policy development.