Naringenin Nanocrystals Containing Pluronic® F127 Hydrogel for Skin Cancer Treatment

membrane relative to pure NRG. The hydrogel exhibited suitable physicochemical properties (viscosity ~12,850 cP; pH 6.2 ± 0.1; spreadability 5.8 ± 0.3 cm) and maintained >92% drug content after 30 days of refrigerated storage. Mechanistic studies revealed dose-dependent cytotoxicity, characterized by increased intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and elevated caspase-3 activity, confirming ROS-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, the nanocrystal-hydrogel platform significantly enhances the solubility, permeation, and pro-apoptotic efficacy of NRG, demonstrating its potential for skin cancer treatment.