Modelling the Structural Drivers of Rework in Construction Projects: An Integrated Structural Equation Modelling Approach

Rework continues to be a critical issue in construction projects, contributing to cost escalation, schedule delays, and compromised quality. While earlier studies have identified isolated causes such as design deficiencies, communication failures, and inadequate workmanship, the structural relationships among these factors have not been sufficiently examined. This study investigates the interdependencies among major rework causation domains using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based on survey responses from 200 construction professionals. A total of 43 observed variables, identified through an extensive literature review, were grouped into four latent constructs: contractor-related, owner-related, design-related, and resource/workforce-related factors. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to validate the measurement model, followed by structural path analysis to examine causal linkages. The findings reveal that design-related and owner-related factors exert the most significant direct and indirect influence on rework, followed by contractor- and workforce-related factors. The proposed model demonstrates satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices, confirming its reliability and applicability. Compared to conventional ranking and fuzzy-based approaches, SEM provides a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of rework dynamics. The findings provide practical guidance for project managers and decision-makers by identifying the most critical drivers of rework, enabling targeted mitigation strategies and improved resource allocation to enhance overall construction project performance.