Construction Strategies and Advances in Bone Marrow Microphysiological Systems

Bone marrow(BM) is the primary site of hematopoiesis, supporting the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Its function depends on a highly complex microenvironment composed of stromal cells, vascular networks, extracellular matrix components, and dynamic biophysical signals. Traditional two-dimensional culture systems and animal models fail to adequately recapitulate the spatial architecture and dynamic regulatory processes of the human bone marrow niche, thereby limiting in-depth investigations into hematopoietic regulatory mechanisms, disease pathogenesis, and drug-induced bone marrow toxicity. In recent years, advances in microphysiological systems (MPS) have provided novel engineering approaches for the in vitro reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment. This review systematically summarizes current construction strategies for bone marrow MPS, including three-dimensional self-organized bone marrow organoids and microfluidic bone marrow-on-a-chip platforms. Particular attention is given to the roles of key cellular components, biomaterial scaffolds, vascularized architectures, and dynamic perfusion systems in biomimetic bone marrow engineering. In addition, we discuss strategies for constructing more complex models, such as vascular niches, vascularized bone tissue constructs, and bone metastasis models. Bone marrow MPS more faithfully recapitulate the hematopoietic microenvironment and provide a physiologically relevant in vitro platform for hematopoietic research, disease modeling, and drug evaluation, thereby supporting future advances in precision and regenerative medicine.